[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":231},["ShallowReactive",2],{"compound-tirzepatide":3,"compound-related-tirzepatide":206,"compound-reading-tirzepatide":219},{"id":4,"title":5,"alsoKnownAs":6,"body":7,"casNumber":61,"category":179,"description":169,"extension":180,"faq":181,"meta":188,"molecularFormula":77,"molecularWeight":85,"name":5,"navigation":189,"path":190,"presentations":191,"purity":193,"rank":170,"relatedCompounds":194,"relatedResearch":197,"seo":201,"sequence":202,"stem":203,"summary":204,"__hash__":205},"compounds\u002Fcompounds\u002Ftirzepatide.md","Tirzepatide","LY3298176 · GIP\u002FGLP-1 dual agonist",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":168},"minimark",[10,15,19,22,26,110,114,117,120,124,127,130,134,142,151,154,158,161,165],[11,12,14],"h2",{"id":13},"what-tirzepatide-is","What tirzepatide is",[16,17,18],"p",{},"Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide that activates two incretin\nreceptors: the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and\nthe glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Its backbone is based on the\nnative GIP sequence rather than on GLP-1, with modifications that confer GLP-1\nreceptor activity and a C20 fatty-diacid conjugate that extends circulating\nhalf-life through albumin binding.",[16,20,21],{},"It occupies a specific position in the development sequence of this compound\nclass: after single GLP-1 agonists such as semaglutide, and before triple\nagonists such as retatrutide. That position is what makes it the standard\ncomparator in the literature.",[11,23,25],{"id":24},"molecular-profile","Molecular profile",[27,28,29,42],"table",{},[30,31,32],"thead",{},[33,34,35,39],"tr",{},[36,37,38],"th",{},"Property",[36,40,41],{},"Value",[43,44,45,54,62,70,78,86,94,102],"tbody",{},[33,46,47,51],{},[48,49,50],"td",{},"Development code",[48,52,53],{},"LY3298176",[33,55,56,59],{},[48,57,58],{},"CAS number",[48,60,61],{},"2023788-19-2",[33,63,64,67],{},[48,65,66],{},"Receptor targets",[48,68,69],{},"GIPR, GLP-1R",[33,71,72,75],{},[48,73,74],{},"Molecular formula",[48,76,77],{},"C225H348N48O68",[33,79,80,83],{},[48,81,82],{},"Molecular weight",[48,84,85],{},"~4,813 Da",[33,87,88,91],{},[48,89,90],{},"Length",[48,92,93],{},"39 amino acids",[33,95,96,99],{},[48,97,98],{},"Modification",[48,100,101],{},"C20 fatty-diacid conjugation",[33,103,104,107],{},[48,105,106],{},"Appearance",[48,108,109],{},"White to off-white lyophilised powder",[11,111,113],{"id":112},"the-dual-agonist-rationale","The dual-agonist rationale",[16,115,116],{},"GIP and GLP-1 are the two principal incretin hormones — both released from the\ngut in response to nutrient intake, both potentiating glucose-dependent insulin\nsecretion. They act through distinct receptors with distinct tissue\ndistributions, and GIP receptors are present in adipose tissue and the central\nnervous system in ways GLP-1 receptors are not.",[16,118,119],{},"The dual-agonist premise is that these pathways are complementary rather than\nredundant: engaging both produces effects that pushing harder on either alone\ndoes not. Tirzepatide is unusual in being an imbalanced agonist — its activity\nis not equal at the two receptors — and characterising that imbalance is a\nsubstantial part of the in-vitro literature around it.",[11,121,123],{"id":122},"research-context","Research context",[16,125,126],{},"Tirzepatide is used in receptor pharmacology as a tool compound for probing\nGIPR\u002FGLP-1R co-activation: binding and selectivity assays, cAMP accumulation\nreadouts, β-arrestin recruitment, and receptor internalisation studies that\nexamine how biased signalling at the two receptors contributes to the overall\nprofile. In metabolic models it serves as the reference dual agonist against\nwhich single and triple agonists are compared.",[16,128,129],{},"Supplied for in-vitro laboratory research only. No therapeutic claim is made and\nno dosing or administration guidance is provided.",[11,131,133],{"id":132},"analytical-notes","Analytical notes",[16,135,136,137,141],{},"Tirzepatide sits in a family of closely related, similarly sized, similarly\nlipidated incretin analogues, which makes ",[138,139,140],"strong",{},"identity confirmation by mass\nspectrometry non-negotiable",". The compounds in this class have overlapping\nretention behaviour on reversed-phase chromatography, so a clean single peak\ndoes not by itself establish which analogue you have. Observed mass against\ntheoretical mass does.",[16,143,144,145,150],{},"This matters commercially as well as scientifically. Substitution within this\nclass — supplying a cheaper analogue against an order for a more expensive one —\nis only detectable by mass, and a Certificate of Analysis carrying purity but no\nmass confirmation cannot rule it out. See\n",[146,147,149],"a",{"href":148},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fmass-spectrometry-peptide-identity","what mass spectrometry establishes that HPLC cannot",".",[16,152,153],{},"On the purity side, the impurities of interest are single-residue deletion\nsequences and incompletely conjugated species, both of which elute close to the\nmain peak. The integration window matters, which is why the chromatogram is\nworth more than the percentage extracted from it.",[11,155,157],{"id":156},"handling-and-storage","Handling and storage",[16,159,160],{},"Store sealed at −20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Bring to room\ntemperature before opening. As with all fatty-acid-conjugated peptides, add\ndiluent down the vial wall and swirl rather than shake — the lipophilic tail\ndrives accumulation at the air-liquid interface, where aggregation begins. Store\nreconstituted solution at 2–8 °C and avoid repeated freeze-thaw.",[11,162,164],{"id":163},"what-we-supply","What we supply",[16,166,167],{},"Released against a ≥99% purity specification, with HPLC purity and mass\nspectrometry identity confirmation on every batch and a batch-specific\nCertificate of Analysis. Select batches additionally receive independent\nthird-party purity verification.",{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":171},"",2,[172,173,174,175,176,177,178],{"id":13,"depth":170,"text":14},{"id":24,"depth":170,"text":25},{"id":112,"depth":170,"text":113},{"id":122,"depth":170,"text":123},{"id":132,"depth":170,"text":133},{"id":156,"depth":170,"text":157},{"id":163,"depth":170,"text":164},"Metabolic","md",[182,185],{"question":183,"answer":184},"What distinguishes tirzepatide from a GLP-1 agonist?","Tirzepatide activates the GIP receptor in addition to the GLP-1 receptor. GIP is the other major incretin hormone, and the premise of the dual-agonist approach is that recruiting both incretin pathways produces a larger effect than saturating either one alone.",{"question":186,"answer":187},"Why is tirzepatide used as a comparator in research?","It is the most extensively characterised dual incretin agonist, so it functions as the benchmark against which single agonists and newer triple agonists are assessed in receptor binding, functional cAMP and metabolic model work.",{},true,"\u002Fcompounds\u002Ftirzepatide",[192],"10 mg vial","≥99%",[195,196],"retatrutide","semaglutide",[198,199,200],"mass-spectrometry-peptide-identity","net-peptide-content-vs-purity","how-to-read-a-peptide-coa",{"title":5,"description":169},null,"compounds\u002Ftirzepatide","A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, the second-generation incretin analogue and the reference compound for comparative metabolic work.","jJEu2n8cg1bL7m2GuB18oSHTovN-O_EmojCHyW8B7xU",[207,213],{"path":208,"name":209,"alsoKnownAs":210,"summary":211,"category":179,"molecularWeight":212,"purity":193},"\u002Fcompounds\u002Fretatrutide","Retatrutide","LY3437943","A single-molecule GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor triple agonist, the third generation of incretin-based metabolic research peptides.","~4,731 Da",{"path":214,"name":215,"alsoKnownAs":216,"summary":217,"category":179,"molecularWeight":218,"purity":193},"\u002Fcompounds\u002Fsemaglutide","Semaglutide","GLP-1 receptor agonist","A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist and the reference single-agonist compound in incretin research.","~4,114 Da",[220,224,227],{"path":221,"title":222,"description":223},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fhow-to-read-a-peptide-coa","How to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis","A field-by-field walkthrough of a peptide COA — what each number establishes, which fields are load-bearing, and what a missing batch number tells you about the rest of the document.",{"path":148,"title":225,"description":226},"What Mass Spectrometry Establishes That HPLC Cannot","Purity and identity are different questions requiring different instruments. Why a chromatogram alone cannot tell you which peptide is in the vial, and what a mass spectrum on a COA should actually show.",{"path":228,"title":229,"description":230},"\u002Fresearch\u002Fnet-peptide-content-vs-purity","Net Peptide Content vs Purity: The Two Numbers Everyone Confuses","A vial can be 99% pure and still contain 25% less peptide than the label says. Why purity and net peptide content are different measurements, and which one your concentration calculation actually needs.",1787473952615]